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We're here to ensure you're comfortable and informed every step of the way. Learn more about Top-rated Botox treatments in New Westminster here. Let's shape the future you dream of, together.

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They're there to answer your questions and guide you through your aesthetic journey with integrity and compassion. Learn more about Long-lasting dermal fillers New Westminster here Our vision extends beyond the treatments we offer.
After your PRP treatment session, it's crucial to follow specific care tips to maximize the benefits and ensure a smooth recovery. It's hassle-free and available 24/7, so you can schedule your visit whenever it's most convenient for you. Witnessing the transformation in your skin before and after Advanced Forma Face Sculpting sessions can be truly remarkable.
This is because face sculpting promotes collagen production, the protein responsible for keeping your skin elastic and firm. Moreover, we believe in transparent communication.

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Booking your appointment at Manhas Health Co. means taking the first step towards freeing yourself from the constant cycle of hair removal.
Use a broad-spectrum SPF 30 or higher every day, even when it's cloudy. You're not just seeing a new you in the mirror; you're stepping into a version of yourself that feels empowered and renewed. It's also essential to schedule a consultation before making any decisions.



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You might feel a slight pressure or pinch during the injections, but the discomfort is generally minimal. We're not just about surface-level beauty; we aim to enhance your overall quality of life, fostering a positive self-image and well-being that radiates from the inside out. At Manhas Health Co., we're not just about achieving aesthetic excellence; we're about empowering you with the confidence and knowledge to sustain those results long-term. Additionally, read reviews and testimonials to gauge patient satisfaction and the specialist's level of care. This advanced technology, which blends science with aesthetics, offers a non-invasive solution that might just redefine your understanding of body contouring.
At Manhas Health Co., you're not just getting off-the-shelf solutions; you're embarking on a journey tailored specifically to your skin's unique needs. Our friendly staff is ready to assist you, answer any preliminary questions you might have, and set up your appointment at a convenient time. Botox for migraines New Westminster Candidates should be in good health, non-smokers, and not currently pregnant. For optimal results, a series of treatments is recommended, tailored specifically to your skin's needs and your aesthetic goals.
What sets Manhas Health Co. apart is their commitment to personalized care.

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Following these steps diligently won't only enhance the longevity of your Forma Face Sculpting results but also contribute to overall skin health. These efforts don't just raise awareness; they foster a sense of unity and support among residents. Read more about Long-lasting dermal fillers New Westminster here During your consultation, you'll meet with one of our expert practitioners who'll listen to your concerns, assess your needs, and recommend the most suitable treatments.
Moreover, their commitment to your satisfaction goes beyond the treatment room. When you're tired of the endless cycle of shaving, waxing, or plucking, this procedure stands out as a game-changer. This isn't just about losing weight; it's about reshaping and contouring your body in ways that diet and exercise alone can't achieve. This step ensures that the treatment aligns with your needs and that you're a suitable candidate.

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Richard Clement Moody arrived in British Columbia in December 1858, at the head of the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, having been hand picked to "found a second England on the shores of the Pacific".  Moody "wanted to build a city of beauty in the wilderness" and planned his city as an iconic visual metaphor for British dominance, "styled and located with the objective of reinforcing the authority of the Crown and of the robe  Subsequent to the enactment of the Pre-emption Act of 1860, Moody settled the Lower Mainland and selected the site and founded the new capital, New Westminster. Moody and the Royal Engineers were trained in settlement and selected the site because of its defensibility: it was farther from the American border than the site of the colony's proclamation, Fort Langley, possessed "great facilities for communication by water, as well as by future great trunk railways into the interior and possessed an excellent port  Moody was also struck by the majestic beauty of the site, writing in his letter to Blackwood:

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Nearby Tourist Attractions

Como Lake Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Como Lake Park, 700 Gatensbury St, Coquitlam, BC V3J 5G8
Snug urban green space with a lakeside trail, a play structure, sports fields & a picnic area.

West Village Park

Whalley
Tourist attraction, Park
West Village Park, 10357 133 St, Surrey, BC V3T 3Y9

Citations and other links

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From the moment you step into our facility, you're in the hands of professionals who are as compassionate as they're skilled. What's fascinating is that this technology doesn't just work on the surface; it goes deeper, ensuring the results aren't only visible but lasting. There's no downtime, so you can resume your daily activities immediately after. Lastly, they offer PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) treatments, utilizing your body's natural healing properties to rejuvenate and revitalize the vaginal area. They'll ensure proper technique and follow-up care, significantly reducing any risks.

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Moreover, we understand the value of transparency. It's a smart choice for those seeking effective, non-invasive body sculpting solutions. It's designed to target those stubborn areas that don't seem to budge no matter how much you diet or exercise.

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Whether you're looking to target stubborn fat pockets that won't budge with diet and exercise, or you're aiming to refine and sculpt your physique, Evolve-X's customizable features allow for precise targeting.

At Manhas Health Co., we're committed to offering you the latest in aesthetic innovation, ensuring your experience is as effective as it's luxurious. You'll not only notice a reduction in hair loss, but also a significant improvement in hair density and thickness. Plus, there's zero recovery time. First, it uses radiofrequency energy to heat the deeper layers of your skin, encouraging the production of collagen.

Most people can return to their daily activities immediately, making it a convenient option for those with busy lifestyles. As you embark on this journey, you'll notice not just a reduction in fine lines and wrinkles, but also a significant improvement in skin texture and firmness. It's all about empowering you with the knowledge and confidence to look and feel your best. Afterward, there's no downtime required.

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Whether you're battling fine lines, acne, or dullness, our expert team is here to help. It's non-invasive, practically painless, and requires no downtime. Morpheus 8 Resurfacing revolutionizes skin rejuvenation by deeply remodeling your skin's underlying structures to restore a more youthful appearance. You won't need anesthesia, as the procedure is relatively painless, with most clients reporting only a slight warming sensation. Applying a broad-spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 30 daily protects your skin from harmful UV rays, preventing premature aging and maintaining the results of your Morpheus 8 treatment.

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Serums rich in vitamins C and E can help fight free radicals, reducing inflammation and promoting a radiant complexion. This part of the treatment is meticulous but relatively quick, depending on the area being treated. Safety is another significant advantage. Our experts are committed to providing you with the best care, advising on aftercare and any follow-up treatments to maintain and enhance your results.

Harnessing the power of state-of-the-art technology, we deliver highly personalized aesthetic treatments tailored to meet your unique needs. It's particularly effective for facial rejuvenation, giving you a fresher, more youthful appearance. Like any medical intervention, vaginal rejuvenation carries its set of risks, though they vary based on the specific technique used. Understanding that everyone's financial situation is unique, we offer a variety of financing and payment options to ensure our services are accessible.

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Remember, your skin is more receptive now, making it the perfect time to introduce beneficial ingredients like hyaluronic acid and vitamin C. An in-depth consultation with a qualified practitioner in Long-lasting dermal fillers New Westminster can help determine if Morpheus 8 aligns with your skin goals and medical history. Our expert team is ready to guide you through a journey of self-discovery and confidence-building, offering ongoing support and care every step of the way. The prime candidates for this innovative treatment are those experiencing the early signs of aging.

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At Manhas Health Co., we offer a range of non-invasive procedures designed to enhance your beauty without the need for surgery. These usually resolve within a few days. Don't let the years dictate your skin's story. Results vary, but many see signs of new hair growth within a few months, with improvements continuing over time. Moreover, our microneedling services stimulate collagen production, essential for maintaining the skin's elasticity and firmness. Botox for special events New Westminster

After either treatment, your specialist will likely apply a serum or moisturizer to soothe and protect your skin. Firstly, you'll be settled comfortably in a treatment room, where your skin's specific needs are reassessed. If you prefer a more personal touch, their friendly customer service team is just a call away, ready to assist you in scheduling your appointment or answering any questions you might've about their services. You'll appreciate the welcoming environment and the personalized attention you receive at Manhas Health Co.

You'll notice your skin becoming firmer, smoother, and more youthful-looking. Keep an eye on our website or sign up for our newsletter to stay updated on these opportunities. You'll see firsthand the difference our expert team can make, whether it's through skincare treatments, body sculpting, or anti-aging procedures. Once you've selected your time slot, you'll be prompted to enter your contact information.

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Booking your appointment at Manhas Health Co is a straightforward process, designed for your convenience. You're likely wondering how it works. It's a game-changer if you're battling hair loss or thinning. At Manhas Health Co., we understand that feeling good about yourself isn't just about the physical changes; it's about rejuvenating your spirit and enhancing your self-esteem.

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We're dedicated to providing you with the best possible outcomes, which is why we've invested heavily in the latest advancements in aesthetic medicine. If you've been on the fence about cosmetic procedures, understanding how Forma Face Sculpting works, its benefits, and who it's best suited for could be the nudge you need. You're not just another client to us; you're an individual with distinct skin concerns and beauty aspirations. This reduces the risk of complications and enhances healing.

Using a precise, sterile blade, a skilled professional carefully exfoliates the surface of your skin. But who stands to benefit the most from these procedures, and what should you know before deciding they're right for you? Keep your hands off your face to prevent the introduction of bacteria that could lead to breakouts or infection.

You'll see a youthful glow that you might've thought was lost to time. They'll work closely with you to understand your aspirations and recommend treatments that align with your desires and lifestyle. Top-rated Botox New Westminster Aria Manhas, a board-certified dermatologist with over a decade of experience in aesthetic medicine. Botox for skin tightening New Westminster

The system utilizes cutting-edge, non-invasive methods to ensure you're not only getting effective results but are also experiencing a process that's as painless as possible. After booking your first consultation, you'll notice that Manhas Health Co.'s commitment extends beyond individual treatments, deeply impacting the local community through various outreach initiatives. That's why we've implemented a comprehensive approach to ensure your experience isn't just transformative but also secure and soothing. Botox for men New Westminster

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Essentially, the process kick-starts your body's natural healing response without the need for invasive surgery. You've seen the buzz around traditional cosmetic surgeries, but the tide is turning. Manhas Health Co. offers a range of revolutionary aesthetic services designed to meet your unique beauty and wellness needs with precision and care. That's why choosing a reputable provider is key.
After completing your series of treatments, you'll witness noticeable changes in your body contour and skin texture. Morpheus 8 works on a variety of skin types, but it's crucial to have realistic expectations about the outcomes.

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Building on their commitment to personalized care, Manhas Health Co. offers a comprehensive range of aesthetic services to meet your every need.
Botox, often heralded for its ability to reduce wrinkles, offers a multitude of benefits that go beyond mere cosmetic enhancements. To maintain your newly sculpted face and extend the youthful glow, it's essential to follow a tailored skincare routine.

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Your skin needs to be in its most natural state to benefit fully from dermaplaning and chemical peels.
His expertise in laser therapy and injectables works wonders in enhancing your natural beauty without the need for invasive procedures. EMS forces your muscles to contract, simulating the effects of a high-intensity workout without the sweat or time commitment. This commitment to technological advancement means you're getting the most effective, safe, and up-to-date treatments available.

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Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

[edit]

Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

[edit]

Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

[edit]

Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

[edit]
A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
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[edit]

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

[edit]
The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

[edit]
A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

[edit]
Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

[edit]
Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

[edit]

Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

[edit]
Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

[edit]
Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

[edit]
Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. cite book: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

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